AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION FIXTURES - 2022 events and venues announced

The 2022 Ayrshire Golf Association fixtures and venues have been announced.

Following the disruption over the last two seasons, the fixtures have reverted to their traditional dates in the calendar.

The season opens with a couple of representative matches, the A team taking on Scratch League champions Irvine and the Boys and Youths team travelling to play the South of Scotland in their annual fixture for the President's Trophy.

The championship opener, the Ayrshire Junior Team Championship will be at West Kilbride whilst the Strokeplay Championship reverts to its April date, to be played at Prestwick St Nicholas, followed by the Matchplay in May at Ayr Belleisle.

In July the Club Championship will be at Irvine Ravenspark whilst the Seniors Championship will be contested at Irvine.

The Ayrshire Boys Championship will be at Loudoun in August whilst the Finals day takes place in September at Largs

The full schedule for 2022 is:-

THE AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION                         

FIXTURE LIST 2022                          

* Doc Thom Ayrshire Order of Merit Counting Event                        

** Woman’s & Girls’ events                       

*** Ayrshire Junior Order of Merit Event                              

                               

FEBRUARY

25th - Annual Dinner and Presentation - Loudoun

                               

MARCH

20th - Ayrshire A Vs Irvine GC - Irvine

                               

APRIL                   

3rd - Ayrshire Vs South of Scotland - Dumfries & Galloway

6th - 8th  - *** Scottish Boys Open Strokeplay - Murcar Links

6th - 8th - **Scottish Girls Open Strokeplay -  Irvine

15th – 17th   ^- ** Helen Holm Scottish Open Strokeplay   - Royal Troon

17th   -  Ayrshire Junior Team Championship  -   West Kilbride

24th     - * Ayrshire Strokeplay Championship   - Prestwick St Nicholas

                               

MAY                     

1st    -  Area Team Championship V South of Scotland  -  Royal Troon

2nd – 5th   - * Ayrshire Matchplay Championship     -  Ayr Belleisle

TBC  - * West of Scotland Strokeplay    -   TBC

15th   -  * Hillhouse Cup     -   Royal Troon

27th – 29th - * Scottish Men’s Open Strokeplay -  Cruden Bay

28th  -  * St Cuthbert Open   -  Prestwick St Cuthbert

29th    - Ayrshire U18 Vs Renfrewshire U18 -  Turnberry King Robert the Bruce

29th   -  * West Kilbride Men’s Open   - West Kilbride

                               

JUNE                    

3rd - 5th  - ** Scottish Women's Championship   -  Trump International

4th   -  * Ayr Seafield Open   -  Ayr Seafield

5th    -  Area Team Championship V Angus   -   Away - TBC

5th    -  * Belleisle Cup    -  Ayr Belleisle

11th    - *** Golf South Ayrshire Junior Open Strokeplay - Ayr Belleisle

13th – 18th - * The Amateur Championship -   Royal Lytham / St Annes Old

15th – 17th  - Scottish Seniors Championship   -   Arbroath

18th   -  * The McGilchrist Cup   -   Ardeer

19th   -   Ayrshire U18 Vs Stirlingshire U18  -   Ayr Seafield

20th – 25th   - **Woman’s Amateur Championship  - Hunstanton

21st – 24th  - **Scottish Senior Woman’s’ Open Strokeplay - Stranraer

25th   -  * The Stone Trophy   -  Largs Routenburn

26th     -  *** Byrne Howard Trophy  -  Royal Troon

27th  -   ***West of Scotland Boys Strokeplay    -   Hilton Park

28th – 29th   -  *** West of Scotland Boys Matchplay   -  Hilton Park

 30th    -  *** Largs Junior Open     - Largs

JULY                     

1st    -  *** Troon Welbeck Junior Open   -  Troon Welbeck

3rd    -  Ayrshire Club Championship  - Irvine Ravenspark

5th – 7th   - Scottish Boys Under 16 Strokeplay - Bishopbriggs

10th   -  Area Team Championship V Dumbartonshire -  Kilmarnock Barassie

11th    - *** Loudoun Junior Open   -  Loudoun

13th – 17th   - *** Scottish Boys Championship  -   Edzell

13th – 17th    - **Scottish Girls Championship  -   Auchterarder

17th    - * The Gowf Cup     -   Loudoun

19th    -  Ayrshire Seniors Championship      -  Irvine

19th   -   *** Harris Junior Open    -    West Kilbride-

25th  -  Ayrshire U18 Vs Lanarkshire U18    -   Easter Moffat

26th   -  *** Tom Lehman Junior Open   -   Troon Municipal

26th – 30th    - * Scottish Amateur Championship  - Glasgow Gailes/Western Gailes

                               

AUGUST                             

1st  -  *** Turnberry Junior Open      Turnberry, King Robert the Bruce

4th  -  *** Ayrshire Boys Championship       Loudoun

5th   -    Ayrshire Champion of Champions Semi Finals    Royal Troon

6th  -     * Stevenson Trophy     Girvan

7th - 8th   **Scottish Girls Under 16 & 14 Strokeplay     Forfar

7th  -     * Viking Krus       Largs

8th - 11th      *** Ayrshire Boys Matchplay     Prestwick

8th   -      *** Ballochmyle Junior Open     Ballochmyle

8th - 14th  -  **Girls Amateur Championship        Carnoustie

8th - 14th  -    *** Boys Amateur Championship        Carnoustie/Panmure/Monifieth

11th  -    *** Ayr Belleisle Junior Open    Ayr Seafield

12th  -   Ayrshire Champion of Champions Final    Royal Troon

15th   -   *** Prestwick Junior Open   - Prestwick St Cuthbert

20th   -* Troon St Meddans Open  -  Troon Municipal

21st  -  * Mainholm Cup    -     Ayr Dalmilling

21st      - Ayrshire U 18 Vs Dumbartonshire U18     - Girvan

26th – 28th -  ** Scottish Woman’s County Finals  -   Kirkcaldy

27th    - * Ballochmyle Rosebowl    -  Ballochmyle

                               

SEPTEMBER

2nd - 4th  - Scottish Men’s Area Team Championship Finals -  Powfoot

4th     - Ayrshire Finals Day  -  Largs

TBC   -   Ayrshire U18 vs Glasgow U18    -  TBC

10th - 11th    - Scottish Boys Area Team Championship    -  Gleddoch

11th   -  *** Prestwick St Nicholas Junior Open  -  Prestwick St Nicholas

17th     - * Arrol Cup  -  Prestwick St Nicholas

18th    -   AJGL Under 16 Knockout Final  - Prestwick St Cuthbert

18th   -  AJGL Wallace Thornton Trophy Final      -  Prestwick St Cuthbert

18th   -  Ayrshire A Vs Stirlingshire A     -   Away - TBC

18th   - Ayrshire Youths Vs Stirlingshire   -   Rowallan Castle

18th    - AJGL Under 16 Trophy final      - Prestwick St Cuthbert

18th  -  AJGL Wallace Thornton Trophy final     -  Prestwick St Cuthbert

19th    -   ***Irvine Junior Open         -  Irvine

25th   -  Ayrshire A Vs Lanarkshire A  - Troon Lochgreen

25th  -  Ayrshire Youths Vs Lanarkshire Youths -  Strathaven (1030)

25th     - AJGL Champion of Champions Final   - Prestwick St Cuthbert

25th    -    AJGL Junior League Championship Final -  Prestwick St Cuthbert

                               

OCTOBER                            

2nd  -  Ayrshire A Vs Renfrewshire A    - Royal Troon

2nd    - Ayrshire Youths Vs Renfrewshire Youths -  Erskine

9th     -  Ayrshire A Vs Dumbartonshire A     -  Cardross

9th     -  Ayrshire Youths Vs Dumbartonshire Youths    - Prestwick St Cuthbert

16th    - Ayrshire A Vs Glasgow A      - Western Gailes

16th     - Ayrshire Youths Vs Glasgow Youths     - Away - TBC

                               

NOVEMBER                       

7th  -   Ayrshire Junior Golf League Dinner  -   Prestwick St Cuthbert

2022 AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION ANNUAL DINNER - 2021 winners honoured at Loudoun Gowf Club

The Ayrshire Golf Association held their 39th Annual Dinner & Presentation of Prizes at Loudoun Gowf Club on Friday the 25th of February 2022, where the successful players and teams from the 2021 season were honoured for their achievements.

President Scott Gilchrist (Loudoun) chaired the dinner with top table guests including the Presidents and senior officials of the six West of Scotland Area Associations and Scottish Golf President David Fleming.

After an excellent meal the company were entertained by former European Tour golfer Alastair Forsyth who gave an excellent after dinner speech which concluded with a toast to The Ayrshire Golf Association.

The evening culminated in President Gilchrist presenting trophies and awards to the successful players and teams from the 2021 competitions.

In 2022 several Ayrshire players gained international recognition, being selected for Scotland and Great Britain & Ireland teams at various levels, and their achievements were marked with a small memento from The Association.

In Woman’s golf, pride of place went to Louise Duncan of West Kilbride who won the Woman’s Amateur Championship at Kilmarnock Barassie in June, the first Ayrshire player to do so in 83 years, with a record 9 & 8 win in the final.

Louise had several invites to play in professional and amateur tournaments following her win, and in the Scottish Open at Carnoustie finished in the top 10, winning the Smyth Salver as leading amateur.

After representing Scotland in the European Woman’s Team Championship and Home Internationals, Louise’s season culminated in selection for the Great Britain and Ireland team for the biannual Curtis Cup match against the USA.

Ayrshire Golf Association Executive member Liz Keohone accepted the award on Louise's behalf.

Also in Woman’s golf, Hazel MacGarvie of Royal Troon represented Scotland in the Home Internationals and the European Wonman;s Team Championship and concluded her amateur career as travelling reserve for the Curtis Cup match against the USA. 

Shortly afterwards, in December 2021, Hazel became one of only two Scots to secure her Ladies European Tour Card for 2022 at the tour school in La Manga in Spain. 

With Hazel unable to attend, Ayrshire Golf Association Past President John Rushbury accepted the award on her behalf.

In Men’s golf, Ruben Lindsay of Turnberry and Ayr Belleisle represented Scotland in the Home Internationals at both boys' and men's levels and his performances during the season saw him gain a place in the Great Britain & Ireland boys team that contested the Jaques Leglise Trophy match against the Continent of Europe. With Ruben presently at university in the USA, his award was accepted on his behalf by Sandy Walker of The Ayrshire Golf Association

Paul Moultrie

Stuart Easton of Irvine again represented Scotland at the Home Internationals in 2021 and at the end of the season turned professional, gaining a place on the Alps Tour for the forthcoming season.

With Stuart presently on tour, his award was accepted by his club mate Gareth Lamb

A regular in the Scottish Senor Men’s team in recent seasons, 2021 was another fine season for Paul Moultrie of Royal Troon, who was in attendance to accept his award personally.

Paul was a joint runner up spot in the Scottish Senior Men’s Open Strokeplay and finished in the top four of the British Seniors Championship at Ganton, as well as representing Scotland at the European Senior Mens team Championship in Slovakia and the Senior Home Internationals at Woodhall Spa.

Two additional trophies were on display and presented during the event this year.

In September 2021 at Dullatur Golf Club the Ayrshire Boy’s team won the Scottish Boys Area Team Championship trophy for only the third time in the history of the event, following previous successes in 1998 and 2007.

The Ayrshire team were joint leaders after the morning foursomes but a great team performance in the afternoon singles saw the Ayrshire boys establish a full six shot victory over the runners up.

Scott Gilchrist, Jack Allan, Harvey Broadfoot, Max Barclay, Sandy Walker

Daniel Forbes

Three of the four members of the winning team, Harvey Broadfoot, Max Barclay and Jack Allan, were present on the night, with only Connor Wills unable to attend.

The West of Scotland Strokeplay Championship took place at Gleddoch in May, and was won by Daniel Forbes (Irvine) with a one under par score of 71.

The winners of the annual Ayrshire Golf Association trophies were also announced and presented with their awards.

Fourball winner John Tanner

55 pairs contested the 2021 Ayrshire Fourball Championship. The final was between the Prestwick Centre Golf Club and Stewarton Golf Club and was played during Finals day at Kilmarnock Barassie in early September. The winners of a close and entertaining final at the second extra hole, were John Tanner and Aidan Long of the Prestwick Centre Golf Club

Club Champions - Prestwick St Cuthbert

16 clubs took part in the Ayrshire Club Championship at Troon Lochgreen in July. With a final team total of 142, winning the title by a single shot, and following the clubs only previous win in 2016, the 2021 winners, represented by Craig Telfer, Adam Sweeney and Scott Brown, were Prestwick St Cuthbert Golf Club.

19 clubs entered the scratch club team knockout competition for the Gary Bryden Memorial Salver in 2021 with defending champions Royal Troon and Prestwick St Cuthbert meeting in the final on Finals Day at Kilmarnock Barassie in September, which was won 2 - 1 by Prestwick St Cuthbert.

Gary Bryden Memorial Salver - Prestwick St Cuthbert

President's Putter - Auchenharvie 88

The handicap club team knockout competition for The President’s Putter attracted entries from 31 member clubs in 2021 with local rivals Auchenharvie 88 and Moorpark winning through to the final, which was played in mid September at Rowallan Castle. Auchenharvie 88 won their first ever county title with a 2 - 1 match win.

The popular Ayrshire Handicap League Championship competition saw 29 member clubs contest the qualifying sections, with Moorpark and Rowallan Castle winning through to play for the trophy and title on Finals Day at Kilmarnock Barassie, which Moorpark won 5 - 1

With a total of 20 clubs entering the 2021 competition two top divisions were contested, with the third

Scratch league Div. 3 - Rowallan Castle

division being played in two qualifying sections, with the winners both gaining promotion and playing off for the title.

The division 3 final was contested by West Kilbride and Rowallan Castle  and after losing the first leg 5 – 1, Rowallan Castle overturned the deficit in the second leg at home, winning 6 – 0 to triumph 6 – 5 overall. 

Division 2 - Royal Troon

Royal Troon won Division 2, recording their third successive divisional title win, and gaining promotion to the first division for the first time.   

Division 1 - Irvine

Division 1 was keenly contested once again, with Irvine winning the title for the first time since 2015.

The Seniors Championship was held in July 2021 at Rowallan Castle Golf Club and Alistair Travers of Irvine Ravenspark won the trophy with a score of 70, by virtue of the better inward half.

Matchplay Champion Craig Telfer

The 2021 Ayrshire Matchplay Championship was played in July at Prestwick St Cuthbert Golf Club where the final was contested by host club members Graeme Gimson and Craig Telfer. 

In an outstanding, low scoring, Craig Telfer won the trophy at the second extra hole.

The Ayrshire Strokeplay Championship was played at Loudoun Gowf Club in June and the destination of the title was decided by a play off after Jack Broun of Turnberry and Daniel Forbes of Irvine tied on 135 after two rounds.

The play off was not decided until the fourth play off hole, where a birdie three was enough to secure the 2021 title for Jack Broun of Turnberry Golf Club, who was not present as he was in South Africa with a Scotland training squad.

Champion of Champions Steven McEwan

66 players started out in the quest for the 2021 Ayrshire Champion Of Champions title and it was two time winner Steven McEwan of Caprington GC and 2018 winner Paul Denim of Loudoun who won through to the final at Royal Troon in August. 

With some outstanding golf in difficult conditions, Steven McEwan completed a hat trick of wins in the event, following his previous successes in 2012 and 2013, with a 7 & 6 win in the final.

Doc Thom Salver Winner Michael Smyth

The Order Of Merit, for the Doc Thom Salver, had 20 counting events in 2021 including club, county and national competitions. 

In third place, with a total of 236.67 points, was Blair Morton of Royal Troon, runner up with 237.50 points was Craig Telfer of Prestwick St Cuthbert, and the winner of the Doc Thom Salver  for 2021, with a total of 445 points, was Michael Smyth of Royal Troon GC

The evening concluded with a vote of thanks by Ayrshire Golf Association Vice President Andrew Gilligan.

AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION ANNUAL DINNER - Tickets still available for the 25th of February

Tickets are still available for the 2022 Ayrshire Golf Association Annual Dinner & Presentation of Trophies, which takes place at Loudoun Gowf Club on Friday the 25th of February.

Tickets are priced at £17.50 per person and places at the dinner can be secured direct from the Area Secretary by emailing ayrshire.golf@btinternet.com.

Guest speaker for the evening will be former European Tour golfer Alastair Forsyth.

Members of Ayrshire clubs are welcome to join this celebration of the successes and winners from the 2021 season at Loudoun, with remaining tickets being sold on a first come first served basis.

THE AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION

 

ANNUAL DINNER

&

PRESENTATION OF TROPHIES

At

LOUDOUN GOWF CLUB

 

FRIDAY 25 FEBRUARY 2022

6.30 P.M. FOR 7.00 P.M.

 

SPEAKER

 

Former European Tour professional golfer

ALASTAIR FORSYTH

 

TICKETS PRICED AT

£17.50 EACH

ARE AVAILABLE FROM

THE AYRSHIRE GOLF ASSOCIATION SECRETARY

 

ALASDAIR J. MALCOLM

17 AUCHINCRUIVE AVENUE

PRESTWICK

KA9 2DT

Tel. 01292 477657

Email – ayrshire.golf@btinternet.com

AYRSHIRE JUNIOR GOLF LEAGUE - Draws made for 2022 competitions.

 

The draws have been made for the 2022 Ayrshire Junior Golf League competitions, with matches due to be completed over the summer months, culminating in the finals of the four competitions, which will be played this year at Prestwick St Cuthbert golf club in September.

Seven clubs will contest the AYRSHIRE JUNIOR GOLF LEAGUE CHAMPIONSHIP, with the winners of two qualifying sections progressing to the final.

Holders Troon Welbeck have been drawn in Section B alongside Irvine and Prestwick St Cuthbert.

Section A features Ayr Belleisle, West Kilbride, Prestwick St Nicholas and the team from East Ayrshire.

In the CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS TROPHY, the draw for the opening two rounds is:-

Round 1 – Play by 31.05.2022

AYRSHIRE BOYS CHAMPION (Harvey Broadfoot)		V		AYR BELLEISLE (Max Barclay)
BALLOCHMYLE (David Blyth)		V		LOUDOUN

Round 2 – Play by 31.07.2022

AYRSHIRE BOYS CHAMPION or AYR BELLEISLE		V		PRESTWICK ST. NICHOLAS (Dylan Cairns)
CAPRINGTON (Cameron Shanks)		V		BALLOCHMYLE or LOUDOUN
IRVINE (Ryan Kennedy)		V		TROON WELBECK (Jack Broadfoot)
KILMARNOCK BARASSIE		V		WEST KILBRIDE

In the UNDER 16 KNOCKOUT TROPHY COMPETITION, holders Irvine are away to Prestwick St Cuthbert in round 1.

The draw for the first two rounds is:-

Round 1 – Play by 31.05.2022

TROON WELBECK		V		TURNBERRY
PRESTWICK ST CUTHBERT		V		IRVINE

Round 2 – Play by 31.07.2022

CAPRINGTON		V		PRESTWICK ST NICHOLAS
LOUDOUN		V		TURNBERRY or TROON WELBECK
WEST KILBRIDE		V		AYR BELLEISLE
IRVINE or PR. ST CUTHBERT		V		KILMARNOCK BARASSIE

in the WALLACE THORNTON TROPHY competition, holders Troon Welbeck face an away tie against the East Ayrshire team in the opening round.

The draw for the first round is:-

Round 1 – Play by 31.07.2022

AYR BELLEISLE		V		WEST KILBRIDE
EAST AYRSHIRE		V		TROON WELBECK
KILMARNOCK BARASSIE		V		TURNBERRY
PRESTWICK ST NICHOLAS		V		IRVINE

AYRSHIRE SCRATCH LEAGUES - 3 league format continued in 2022

The three league format in the Ayrshire Scratch leagues will be used again in 2022, after it's success in 2021.

With 20 member clubs entering the competition this year, the top two leagues will comprise six teams, with league 3 being split into two qualifying sections of four teams, with the winners playing off for the Division 3 title.

Division 1 this year features 

Irvine, Prestwick St Cuthbert, Loudoun, Kilmarnock Barassie, Royal Troon, Largs.

whilst the teams in Division 2 will be

Turnberry, Ballochmyle, Caprington, Troon Portland, Rowallan Castle, West Kilbride

Division 3a features

Ayr Dalmilling, Ayr Belleisle, Troon St Meddans, Redburn

whilst Division 3 b will be competed by 

Girvan, Ardeer, Irvine Ravenspark, Prestwick St Nicholas

The bottom clubs in Divisions 1 and 2 will be relegated and second bottom in those divisions will go into a play off with a team from the lower league to determine who plays in the higher league the following season.

The winners of the Division 3 title play off will be promoted and the runners up will go into a play off with the second bottom team in Division 2, for a place in the higher division the following season.

All sectional matches in Divisions 1 and 2 will be due to be completed by the 19th of August 2022 and in Divisions 3a and 3 b by the 31st of July.

The play off for the Division 3 title will be due to be completed by the 19th of August, with all remaining play offs due for completion by the 4th of September.

2022 HANDICAP LEAGUE CHAMPIONSHIP - 27 member clubs bid for title

27 member clubs will feature in the chase for the 2022 Ayrshire Handicap League Championship, following the draw made this week.

This year there will be six qualifying sections, three of which will have five teams and three of which will have four teams.

Title holders Moorpark have been drawn in section B alongside local rivals Auchenharvie 88, whlst Section A also sees local interest, with Ayr Belleisle drawn alongside Tam O Shanter.

The qualifying sections are:-

SECTION A – Tam O Shanter, Kilmarnock Barassie, Ayr Belleisle, Royal Troon, Portmann.

SECTION B – Alton, Moorpark, Prestwick St Nicholas, Kilbirnie Place, Auchenharvie 88.

SECTION C – Troon St Meddans, Irvine Ravenspark, West Kilbride, Ardeer, Annanhill.

SECTION D – Loudoun, Stewarton, Prestwick St Cuthbert, Troon Merchants.

SECTION E – Rowallan Castle, Troon Portland, Troon Welbeck, Ayr Seafield.

SECTION F – Ayr Dalmilling, Caprington, Redburn, Ballochmyle. 

All sectional matches should be completed by the 17th f July, with the winners of each section going forward to the quarter finals, along with the best two runners up in the qualifying sections.

Details will be circulated to club representatives in the near future.

The Quarter finals and Semi Finals will be played, on a home and away basis, during July and August, with the final scheduled to take place during Finals day on Sunday the 4th of September at Largs.

PRESIDENT'S PUTTER - 35 clubs contest the handicap club team knockout event in 2022

 35 member clubs will contest the 2022 handicap club team knockout competition, for the President's Putter.

Holders Auchenharvie 88 received a bye into round 2, where they open their defence with a trip to Irvine Ravenspark.

Ties will be played throughout the season, with the final scheduled to take place during Finals day on Sunday the 4th of September.

The draw for the opening two rounds is :-

 

GARY BRYDEN MEMORIAL SALVER - 23 clubs bid for scratch team knockout crown

 The 2022 Gary Bryden Memorial Salver competition will see 23 member clubs bidding for the scratch club team knockout competition.

Defending champions Prestwick St Cuthbert received a bye into the second round, where they face a trip to West Kilbride as they open their bid to retain the trophy.

Matches will be played throughout the season, with the final scheduled to take place during Finals day on Sunday the 4th of September at Largs.

The draw for the opening two rounds is:-

AYRSHIRE FOURBALL CHAMPIONSHIP - 43 pairs bid for 2022 title

A total of 43 pairs representing member clubs will contest the 2022 Ayrshire Fourball Championship, with the draw being published this week.

there will be 11 first round ties and the final is scheduled to take place during Finals day, at Largs, on Sunday the 4th of September.

The draw for the opening two rounds is:-

AYRSHIRE CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS TROPHY - Draw for the 2022 competition published

The draw for the 2022 Ayrshire Champion of Champions Trophy competition has been published.

A total of 44 players start out in this year's competition, with holder Steven McEwan (Caprington) receiving a bye into round 2, where he faces a trip to play Malcolm Nicolson at Skelmorlie at the start of his bid to retain the title.

Five time winner Tommy McInally (Loudoun) plays again this year, and faces a first round trip to play Cameron Aitken at Largs, whilst the third former winner in this year's field, Craig Hamilton (Ballochmyle) hosts Nicholas Tindall (Tam O Shanter) in round two in his opening tie.

The semi finals and final will be played at Royal Troon on Friday 5th and 12th of August, at Royal Troon.

Details of the draw and contacts will be emailed directly to all competitors in the near future.

The full draw for the opening two rounds is:-